Mercredi 11 novembre 2009 3 11 /11 /Nov /2009 09:55
Battery-driven model and drive initialization process

Window CE device drivers included in the sample program is divided into Laptop Battery two types: single-chip driver (Monolithic device driver) and layered drivers (Layered Device driver). Stratified development model can be reduced development effort and shorten the development cycle, in battery-driven development using the layered-driven development model.

Layered driver consists of two separate layers: the upper is a model device driver (MDD), lower the platform-dependent driver (PDD). Device driver server provides an interface (DDSI) in the PDD set of functions implemented by the MDD calls. Because Microsoft provides all the MDD modules associated with the source code, so this part do not make any changes, just their own PDD module with MDD module can link into a common database [3]. MDD by IoCTLS call PDD specific function to access the specific characteristics of the Pavilion ZV6000(hp zv6000 battery) hardware.

Battery-powered Windows CE requirements of MDD functions include:

Init, Deinit, Open, Close, Read, Write, Seek, PowerDown, PowerUp, IOControl.

Battery-powered Windows CE requirements of PDD functions include:

BatteryPDDInitialize, BatteryPDDDeinitialize, BatteryPDDGetStatus, BatteryPDDGetLevels,

BatteryPDDSupportsChangeNotification, BatteryPDDPowerHandler, BatteryPDDResume.

Battery-driven initialization process

In the system power-on self test is successful, the upper entrance of the function is called battery-powered, Pavilion ZV5000(hp zv5000 battery) battery-powered initialization to work:

(1) to determine whether there had been disruptions initialization, if not initialized, then carried out the following operations, if you have carried out an initialization, then close the event handler.

(2) initialize the global variables batteries.

(3) If the interruption of the event is successful, call ResumeThreadProc to create the battery thread. In the main theme of the thread function, set the thread priority of the battery, and then in a loop waiting for interrupt events.

(4) call PDD layer initialization function BatteryPDDInitialize; in the PDD layer for the GPIO registers and power management registers to open up two virtual Presario X6000 memory.

(5) to initialize AC97 register.

(6) to initialize the value of stored battery power ring buffer.

(7) call BatteryAPIGetSystemPowerStatusEx2 function updates the battery structure PSYSTEM POWERSTATUS_ EX2 in the data.

4. BatteryAPIGetSystemPowerStatusEx function

BatteryAPIGetSystemPowerStatusEx function key access to the system Presario R3000(compaq r3000 battery) power state value. In the implementation process is by calling the BatteryAPIGetSystemPowerStatusEx2 function completed. The BatteryAPIGetSystemPowerStatusEx2 function calls BatteryPDDGetStatus function to get the battery status information, BatteryPDDGetStatus function by calling GetMainBatteryVoltage for the main battery voltage, by calling GetPowerDevStatus get the battery status of the device and obtain the ratio of the value of the remaining capacity. The figure 3 for BatteryAPIGetSystemPowerStatusEx function call PP2100 graph:

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Mercredi 11 novembre 2009 3 11 /11 /Nov /2009 09:50
The new energy automotive battery industry prospects

Shenyin published reports, promising policies to promote new energy Laptop Battery automotive batteries under the sector investment opportunities. Analysts believe that the next 3-5 years, Ni-MH battery HEV (hybrid electric vehicle) will remain the mainstream of new energy vehicles, HEV will PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle), EV (electric vehicle) co-exist for 10 years about. In the 3-5 years later, with the yield increase lithium iron phosphate batteries to bring the cost down, as well as the national network of charging stations gradual establishment of lithium iron phosphate batteries as the main driving force of the PHEV, EV will usher in a broad space for development. Analysts suggested concerns Keli far (18.20, -0.41, -2.20%), the torch high (11.85, -0.26, -2.15%), Shanshangufen (16.81, -0.22, -1.29%), Jiangsu Guotai ( 24.89, -0.09, -0.36%), Tibet Mining (24.34, -0.17, -0.69%).
Port Machinery benefit from the recovery in exports

Hai Tong Securities (15.00, -0.01, -0.07%) released a report that the Port Machinery Company in the third quarter results below expectations, Pavilion DV4000(hp dv4000 battery) as a whole reflects the status of the industry is hard to Sheng. Based on the market is widely expected fourth quarter, an increase of domestic exports turned positive in 2010, an increase of 10%, analysts believe that port machinery export-related companies will benefit from the warmer. Analysts said profit next year, Port Machinery Company expects an increase of -4.90% -0.00%. Warming by the stimulation of exports, the container demand is expected in 2010 will be better than 2009. Container production from access to production delivery order cycle is only 1-3 months, CIMC Group (11.42, -0.13, -1.13%) of the container business will be much improved next year, the company main business in 2010 to restore growth will occur to give the company "overweight" rating; Zhenhua container cranes Heavy Industries, the low orders in 2009. Container crane production cycle for a year or so, the company in 2010 container crane PM579A operations there may be 20% -30% of the decline, giving the company a "neutral" rating, the existence of investment opportunities may be more event-driven in large orders.

Gradual improvement phosphorus chemical industry needs

United Securities released a report that in September, China's phosphorus chemical products (phosphate rock, yellow phosphorus, phosphoric acid, phosphate, and phosphate) production are making a positive year on year and sequential growth of demand for downstream industries turn for the better, agricultural demand is gradually into the season.

September of domestic phosphate rock production 6.13 million tons, ammonium phosphate fertilizer production 1.688 million tons, two are single-month record high domestic production; phosphorus output of 91,000 tons, is also the maximum value during the year.

Phosphate rock production greatly increased, but prices stable; phosphorus prices started to rise since September, "11" restricted policy 367759-001 allows manufacturers to focus on the downstream stocking. Near the dry season in October, prices continued to rise. Analysts expect fourth-quarter seasonal phosphorus prices will rise 1000-2000 yuan / ton.

Phosphate fertilizer production began to enter the earnings season, the rest of phosphorus chemical products into the price of peak season. Phosphorus chemical industry as a whole the trend of improvement in profitability has not been formed, analysts on maintaining a "neutral" rating, the maintenance of Hing Fat Group (18.86,0.07,0.37%), "overweight" rating; fourth quarter of phosphate fertilizer business performance worth the wait, proposes a focus on six chemicals (11.63, -0.22, -1.86%).

Highlight the investment value of stock brokerage

Guotai Junan Post reported that since November, tape re-price PF723A the amount of Chai Sing situation. The first Sunday in November were 280 billion yuan turnover, November 6 is a breakthrough transaction volume of 3,000 billion; 4 since the fourth quarter, average daily trading amounted to 224 billion yuan, compared with average daily transaction volume this year is 5%; tape from the 2779 points, started, or has reached 14% at present, are far better than expected. In this way, four-quarter brokerage brokerage, underwriting and self-employed are expected to be exceeded expectations. In particular, need to focus on is the self-yield expected from three quarters of -6.1% to 15% -20%. In addition, China Merchants Securities IPO support for high-priced broker valuation, the performance of the GEM thickening of the effectiveness of broker-dealer is also very obvious.

From the trend point of view, this round of rebound, banking and insurance index has been the high point of one step from the previous month, while the brokerage index still 22.7% of the distance. Broker on the market flexibility better than insurance, but the trend is obviously weak. In the market and policy environment for a double to the good Pavilion DV1000(hp dv1000 battery) background, performance and valuation showed a significant increase space, requested a strong compensatory growth.

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Lundi 2 novembre 2009 1 02 /11 /Nov /2009 07:32
Thin-film battery industry

At present photovoltaic cells from the functional material thickness of the body Laptop Battery can be divided into two kinds of photovoltaic cells and thin-film batteries. The material of the battery can be divided into monocrystalline silicon cells and batteries, in addition to a small amount of flake silicon photovoltaic cells. Thin-film amorphous silicon thin film photovoltaic cells include cells, copper indium selenide (CIS) solar cells, solar cells cadmium antimonide, gallium arsenide solar cells and so on. In the cutting-edge research phase also includes the nano-silicon thin-film solar photovoltaic cells, etc., in the future will have broad application prospects.
In recent years, the development of thin-film battery industry

The increasing calls for environmental protection, traditional energy emergency situation, the solar photovoltaic industry in recent years, rapid development of crystalline silicon cell production from 2001 to 338.1MWp development in 2004 1136MWp, that by 2007 had reached 3650MWp; film Battery 2004 annual output of 36MWp, 2004 had increased to 65MWp, but by 2007 increased to 350MWp, accounting for nearly 10% of total production. According to available data, in 2008 will reach 6100WMp crystalline silicon cells around thin-film batteries to 1100WMp. From a range of data we can see that the development of solar cell industry has entered the fast lane, while the thin-film battery industry evolves, in recent years, shows potential for Pavilion dv2000(hp dv2000 battery) development.

As we all know, crystal silicon energy-intensive production process, manufacturing costs are high, prompting the high cost of power generation. Compared to crystalline silicon solar cells, thin-film battery production process is simple, are not subject to restrictions on silicone materials, manufacturing costs are lower, thus resulting in reduced cost of power generation. Thin-film solar cell manufacturers in recent years, the rapid increase in the beginning, the original only in Harbin Crolla, Shenzhen Yu-Kang 1MW single-junction a-Si cell production line, after the increase in Fujian Jun Shi energy, Tianjin energy, such as已建和在建of Bengbu Pollock More than 20 thin-film battery manufacturer, size from a few MW to tens of megawatts, the product sizes up to several square meters square meters, and by a a-Si/a-Si laminated batteries and stable efficiency of up to 5% -6%, and enter the power-based application stage, there are a number of enterprises plan to scale up to hundreds of megawatts. Originally involved in the production of crystalline silicon solar cell manufacturers have also started to increase thin film product line, such as representatives of the industry companies involved in silicon-based Suntech, have begun to thin film solar cell production. From this point of view, thin-film solar cell industry vitality dejected. The following, from the aspects enumerated in the past two years the development of the domestic thin-film PP2200 battery industry overview.

In February 2008, Shandong Vosges Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd. to introduce German Johanna Solar Technology GmbH (referred to as JST) technical construction CIGSSe (copper indium gallium sulfur compounds, selenium) thin film solar cell R & D and production projects in the city Shenbei New Gaomi Vosges official started the foundation, marks the beginning of the high-end research and development into solar cell production technology. The project total investment 60 million yuan, the construction scale of 240MW. Of which 1.86 billion first phase of project investment, the construction scale of 60MW, is expected to put into the third quarter of 2009.

November 2008, Nankai University and the Fujian-Jun stone Energy Limited set up a joint laboratory on silicon thin-film solar parks inaugurated in Tianjin, Ling Ao creativity. School enterprises to establish strategic cooperative partnership between the two sides will work together to research and development of thin-film solar cell industry. "Tenth Five-Year" period, the Task Force amorphous silicon / microcrystalline silicon stacked cell research has reached pavillion zx5000(hp zx5000 battery) the international advanced level, developed a series of thin-film cell manufacturing key equipment and the necessary test systems, has established the only international advanced level, silicon thin film solar cell research lines.

In January 2009, the Guangdong Provincial Government and China National Building Material Group Corporation provides solar Kam strategic cooperation framework agreement, China National Building Material Group Corporation will invest 3.0 billion to build park in Sanshui, Foshan, Guangdong solar energy industry base. Under the agreement, China National Building Material Group Corporation will invest in capital construction technology and equipment in Guangdong Zhongnan Optical Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China and South Africa photovoltaic technology (equipment) R & D Center, Guangdong China and South Africa Solar Energy Co., Ltd. 3 project to establish set photovoltaic technology (equipment) R & D , photoelectric technology and equipment manufacturing and thin-film solar module production base for solar energy industry.

In February 2009, from the securities company data show that in late January has been, A share market the concept of thin-film batteries have a number of stocks, such as Jin Jing technology, Vosges stake had good performance, a lot of stocks and a continuous daily limit. For this forecast, there are investors that the thin-film battery Presario V2000(compaq v2000 battery) technology, the threshold is very high, the conversion rate is not an effective breakthrough in production will cause a lot of waste, the future competitiveness of their products will not optimistic.

ZF's current conversion efficiency of thin-film battery has reached 16% in 2008 has been 3.8Mw production in 2009 is expected to form a 25Mw capacity. ZF CIGSSe method employed by the risk of thin-film battery technology has become lost, technology providers Johanna was in November 2008 began production, the current products have external sales. The next three years, the underwriting to the German thin-film battery joint venture parties will effectively reduce the company's early stage of thin-film battery market risk, in order to lay the foundation to cultivate their own brands. The company's thin-film batteries have already been proposed in place of project funds in 2009 and 2010 will proceed as planned the formation of 30Mw and 60Mw capacity.

Thin-film battery technology research and industry status

Compared with the international advanced level, our Presario M2000(compaq m2000 battery) study of thin-film batteries there is a certain gap, but is gradually narrowing. China in a variety of thin-film solar cell research, has a very good basis for further study and development potential. "Tenth Five-Year" period, "973 Plan" and "863 Program", respectively, the silicon-based thin-film solar cells and dye-sensitized solar cells, as well as cadmium telluride and copper indium selenide thin-film solar cells solar cells as a major project of the project and the research, and in the "Eleventh Five-Year" period to continue the project. In the 863 key projects with the support of Sichuan University and Nankai University are 300 kilowatts respectively cadmium telluride and copper indium selenide solar cells in solar cell R & D pilot production line; in 973 projects, supported by the plasma of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Nankai University in are separate dye-sensitized solar cell, and a new high-performance Pavilion ZE2000(hp ze2000 battery) silicon thin-film solar cell industry, technology research work

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Lundi 2 novembre 2009 1 02 /11 /Nov /2009 07:28
Ordinary batteries have been available with the car battery recycling municipal solid waste has yet to be standardized

Although the lives of the very fact that Beijing has not recall when that battery Laptop Battery can not be arbitrarily discarded, but a dry batteries can be contaminated 12 cubic meters of water, 1 cubic meter of soil can cause permanent public nuisance claims are deeply engraved in the heart. "I not only do not litter their waste batteries, but also to tell my kids not to litter." Ms. Zhang told the "China Economic Weekly."
However, what Ms. Zhang did not expect was that their collection of used batteries carefully but now it has become to her heart disease.

The very fact that such practices as the focus on the collection of used batteries There are plenty of people waiting to be processed, while in Beijing, some of which is already set up in shopping malls of the waste battery recycling boxes are basically disappeared.

The very fact that they did not know that domestic waste generated daily life nickel-cadmium batteries and mercury oxide batteries and electronic waste, etc., from June 6, 2008 since no longer included in the "National List of Hazardous Wastes" of.

"The public can be dispersed into dry waste in garbage separation collection bins, and went into a regular garbage dump, and will not cause environmental 338794-001 pollution." Beijing's environmental authorities a person in charge told the "China Economic Weekly."

The very fact that they focus on storage of used batteries, with the other hand, a "dangerous."

Previously collected waste batteries "white busy for" it?

Many people develop a centralized storage of used batteries into the good habit of waiting for recovery, but where to send used batteries, how to deal with, but it has always been the people and environmental protection departments felt vague and vexing problem.

Environmental sector, according to the person in charge of Beijing, Beijing in April 1998 set up a Beijing useful garbage collection centers, so far has collected more than 1250 tons of waste batteries.

"Recycling these batteries is 1250 tons last ten years, collected a total number of dry batteries are basically obsolete, at present, only a few hundred tons of storage, other manufacturers have been sent in batches of experiments." Beijing Useful Garbage Recycling Center for Miss Gao Mingde told the PP2182D "China Economic Weekly", "At present the warehouse of used batteries has not been processed because no factories in Beijing can do the size of an effective recycling."

Beijing's environmental department told the "China Economic Weekly," In recent years, countries to address the pollution problem of used batteries, and proceed from the source to achieve prevention and control cell "mercury-free." "According to China Light Industry Association, the State Economic and Trade Commission, Ministry of Domestic Trade and other nine ministries and commissions December 31, 1997 jointly issued a" limited battery products on the mercury rule "requiring companies since January 1, 2002, the prohibition in the domestic production of mercury batteries is greater than the weight of 0.025% of the battery (low mercury); since January 1, 2006, the ban on domestic distribution of mercury is greater than the battery weight of 0.0001% of the alkaline zinc-manganese Pavilion ZD7000 batteries (no mercury). "

"Originally, the batteries do not meet production standards, especially given some township and village enterprises producing low-quality batteries, such as can not be effectively recycled, pollution of the environment is still quite large." The person in charge told reporters that since the battery's "limit of mercury to make "after the release, at present, the regular production of one-off sale of ordinary batteries are environmentally friendly mercury-free or low-mercury batteries, mercury is not high, will no longer pose a threat to the environment, it can deal with the garbage together.

"We center each day and still be able to receive public demand for recycling of waste batteries phone, all these years we have been out of the bus to the public insist on recycling of waste batteries at home." Smart Germany said, "We feel that most people know about the battery also stuck in the stage 10 years ago, most are still preserved in accordance with the requirements of the previous waiting for recycling. and waste batteries can be thrown away along with the garbage most people do not know, nor a policy or a documentary of the things to CGR-B1870AE regulate. "

Scale storage of waste batteries is the way out

Reporter and Development and Reform Commission Ministry of Environmental Protection released the "National List of Hazardous Wastes," found that the handling of used batteries have a special saying: Spent nickel-cadmium batteries and mercury oxide batteries, as well as electronic and hazardous waste, hazardous waste may be not in accordance with management. But will be listed in the preceding paragraph in the classification of waste from garbage collection, its transportation, storage, use or disposal, we must follow the hazardous waste management.

"A small amount of general waste batteries scattered along with domestic waste processing, may be decomposed, and the impact will be small, and concentrate on processing of waste batteries, such as poor (eg, peel shell, discarded residues), there may lead to localized mercury pollution. Therefore, if the moment does not meet the conditions of treatment or use of facilities, a large-scale collection of waste batteries is really not appropriate. "city's environmental department F4486A said the man.

It is reported that Beijing's garbage collection centers established useful in reducing environmental pollution of waste batteries, while also seeking scrap batteries "way out" in order to achieve the recycling of waste resources.

However, the 1250 tons produced annually by the storage volume and the battery consumption is a big difference in comparison, according to the persons concerned, told reporters in Beijing the annual consumption of the battery in the 220 million or so, more than 6,000 tons. "Low recoveries have been limited to deal with the scale of the expansion and improvement of processing technologies, thus seriously hampering the recycling of waste batteries process of industrialization."

It is understood that in developed countries, about 50% of the waste batteries must be recycled through the creation of new social values. As the F4486B battery recycling treatment is environmental protection industry, is a good thing benefits the country, many national governments have to have subsidies, such as in Switzerland and Japan, each dealing with a ton of waste batteries, a government subsidy of waste battery treatment enterprises, about RMB 5000. In the United States, the user if not to return used batteries manufacturers, retailers or wholesalers, each bought a new battery will need to pay 3 U.S. dollars 5 dollars. Therefore, the United States, almost 100% recovery of batteries.

"We have tried to do the battery recycling, but for-profit and not difficult to stick to." Waste battery recycling a familiar person in charge of the company told the "China Economic Weekly," "scrap battery recycling related to supporting the Government has not laws and policies can be implemented, their definition of risk is also very vague, and there is no subsidy, not a scale, it is difficult to do it. "

It is reported that before 2000 China had more than recycling companies, and in accordance with special trade management, but it basically changed after the reform and opening stores, "the present, many recycling are private voluntary organizations, non-essential things that do not charge money . "The company official said.

Lead-acid battery is the most dangerous

According to experts, roughly divided into a dry 417066-001 battery products (ordinary batteries), secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries, mainly used in mobile phones, computers), lead-acid batteries (mainly used in automobile, electric car) three categories. Use the most, the masses are most concerned about reports the most ordinary batteries. The report said that in general terms in the battery containing mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic and other substances are not accurate. In fact, the masses of ordinary dry batteries for daily use in the production process without added cadmium, lead, arsenic and other substances, no longer become a serious source of pollution.

On the contrary, a large number of car batteries, electric vehicle batteries, lead-acid batteries because they contain lead and sulfuric acid, but rather rubbish dump, one of the most dangerous items.

Data shows that lead-acid battery electric bicycle is the consumables, brand battery 1 year 2 years to be replaced, a number of brand-name batteries for six months to be replaced. A large number of provinces, municipalities and clear that the market for electric bicycles, where the use of lead-acid maintenance-free batteries, all from the manufacturer through the distribution unit of recovery, a unified cross-manufacturing enterprises processing; where to buy a new battery must return the used batteries Otherwise, no sale of new batteries.

Luyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. Zhejiang Brand Center Manager Ding told the "China Economic Weekly", now scrapped lead-acid batteries, basically EV088AA could be restored, after the repair efficiency is more than 80% of new battery, the second repair efficiency of 50% above, after three repaired before there is no repair. And the company now also has established a "green battery alliance" against any brand of electric cars and cars lead-acid batteries, right can still be repaired, through special techniques to repair and re-put into use; to the total damage of lead-acid batteries can not be repaired , recovered by a qualified lead and zinc processing companies, refineries regenerated lead.

Ding told the reporter that, due to higher lead prices, recycling prices are mostly in the tens of dollars to several hundred per hour, so consumers will not be lightly discarded. "But there are a lot of income or for underground waste processing plants, they will be recycled to the lead-acid batteries do not have the conditions stored in the open space or warehouse, the process do not have the qualifications and conditions, resulting in a large number of lead waste and waste of large-scale emissions, causing pollution to the environment. "

"Give them a way out of used batteries, education alone is not enough." City's environmental department said, "and need to produce business, government and the extensive attention of all sectors of society."

It is reported that Beijing had 1,000 community-based distribution of the 5000 new waste battery recycling boxes. In order to encourage recycling of used batteries, some of the community will also be carried out "batteries for green bags," "used batteries for green leaves of plants" and other environmental protection HSTNN-LB31 activities.

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Mercredi 28 octobre 2009 3 28 /10 /Oct /2009 10:17
Li-ion laptop battery basics (b)

Application Notes

The above-mentioned two kinds of lithium batteries is a disposable Laptop Battery battery, non-rechargeable (charge time is dangerous!); The battery is not short-circuit between anode and cathode; not be too large current discharge (more than the maximum discharge current discharge); battery until it ceases to discharge when the voltage should be electronic products removed in a timely manner; run out of battery is not squeezing, burning and demolition; can not exceed the prescribed temperature range of use.

As the lithium battery voltage is higher than ordinary batteries or nickel-cadmium batteries, make no mistake when used to avoid damage to the circuit. Through the familiar model of the CR, ER can know the type and rated voltage. In the purchase of new batteries, be sure to buy according to the original model, otherwise it will affect the performance of electronic products.

Rechargeable lithium batteries

Rechargeable lithium batteries There are many, such as lithium - vanadium oxide batteries, lithium-ion battery and abroad, a newly developed lithium - polymer batteries. Here describes only the first two, focusing on lithium-ion battery.

Rechargeable lithium-ion battery is currently the most widely used mobile phone battery, but it is more "finicky" in use can not overcharge, over-discharge pavilion dv6000(hp dv6000 battery) (may damage the battery or make it scrapped). Therefore, the protection of components or the battery protection circuitry to prevent damage to expensive batteries.
Lithium-ion battery charging very high, to ensure that the termination voltage is within 1% accuracy, at present the major semiconductor factory has developed a variety of lithium-ion battery charging IC, in order to ensure safe, reliable and fast charging.

Now phone is a very common part of the phone nickel-metal hydride batteries, but the smart phone type is a lithium-ion battery. The proper use of lithium-ion battery for extended battery life is very important.

1. Lithium - vanadium oxide batteries (Li-V6O13)

Lithium - lithium vanadium oxide 342661-001 batteries for the anode, vanadium oxide as cathode, inorganic salt electrolyte composed of organic solvent. It features can be charged. With 2 batteries, for example, the lithium - vanadium oxide battery and lithium - lithium manganese dioxide batteries, and - compared with thionyl chloride batteries as shown in table 5.
From Table 5 we can see, due to lithium - vanadium oxide batteries rated voltage of only 2.8V, and the rated capacity is also small, so when compared with other two kinds of lithium batteries, its specific energy is minimal. The main parameters of such cylindrical batteries as shown in Table 6. As can be seen from Table 6, the number of charge cycles (cycle life) is not long, so this rechargeable battery soon replaced by a lithium-ion batteries.

2. Lithium-ion battery (Li-Ion)

Lithium-ion battery is currently the most widely used lithium batteries, which according to different requirements of electronic products can be molded into a flat rectangular, cylindrical, rectangular, and button, and there are several cells in series with the composition of the battery pack.

Lithium-ion battery rated at 3.6V (some products are 3.7V). When fully charged the termination charge voltage and 345027-001 battery anode materials relate to: the anode material is graphite 4.2V; anode material for coke 4.1V. Resistance of different anode materials are also different, slightly larger internal resistance of coke anode and the discharge curve is also slightly different, as shown in Figure 1. Commonly referred to as 4.1V and 4.2V Li-ion battery Lithium-ion batteries. The termination of lithium-ion battery discharge voltage 2.5V ~ 2.75V (battery factory operating voltage range is given, or given the termination of the discharge voltage, the parameters slightly different). Less than the termination of discharge voltage to continue to discharge known as the over-discharge, over-discharge of the battery will be damaged.

Lithium-ion batteries are not suitable for high-current discharge, over-current discharge will reduce the discharge time (internal temperature will produce a higher loss of energy). Therefore, the battery manufacturing plant gives maximum discharge current, in use should be less than the maximum discharge current.

Lithium-ion batteries have certain requirements on the temperature of the factory give the charging temperature range, discharge temperature range and the preservation temperature range.

Lithium-ion battery on the charge requirement is very high, it requires sophisticated charging circuit in order to ensure the safety of charge. Termination tolerance for the rated charge voltage accuracy of ± 1% (for example, 4.2V rechargeable PP2182L lithium-ion batteries, its tolerance of ± 0.042V), over-voltage rechargeable lithium-ion battery can cause permanent damage. Lithium-ion battery charge current should be based on the battery manufacturer's recommendations and demand for a limited flow of the circuit in order to avoid over-current (overheating). Commonly charge rate 0.25C ~ 1C (C is the battery capacity, such as the C = 800mAh, 1C charge rate of the charge current is 800mA). In the high current charge, often to detect the battery temperature to prevent overheating damage to the battery or produce an explosion.

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